The spontaneous emergence of heterogeneous dislocation patterns is an ubiquitous feature of plastic deformation of crystalline solids. Despite an amazing variety of modelling approaches that have been proposed to capture this phenomenon, a theory of dislocation patterning has remained elusive. To understand why, we review some near-universal properties of dislocation patterns and then discuss different modelling approaches proposed in the literature in view of their conceptual and practical usefulness (or otherwise) for modelling dislocation patterns forming in uniaxial deformation. We then outline a novel, theoretically consistent and practically promising approach which addresses this long-standing problem within the general framework of density-based continuum dislocation dynamics.